Space Flight Essays - Apollo Program, United States,

Space Flight On May 25, 1961, John F. Kennedy conveyed one of the most paramount State of the Union locations throughout the entire existence of the United States. ?I accept that this country ought to subscribe to accomplishing the objective, before this decade is out, of handling a man on the Moon and returning him securely to the earth? (http://www.cs.umb.edu/jfklibrary, President John F. Kennedy's Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs). With those words, Kennedy propelled another time of room investigation in the United States. In spite of the fact that the National Aeronautics And Space Administration was made in 1958 by the National Aeronautics and Space Act (http://www.hq.nasa.gov, Key Documents), and the Russians previously propelled the principal satellite into space in 1957, the US was still at a stop regarding the matter. What the nation required was a reminder, and that is actually what it got from one of the most praised speakers in its history. The new time guarant eed a lot, yet anticipated close to nothing. From USA's battle to be the predominant politically influential nation vulnerable War Era, to the indiscreet consumption of normal assets in the Information Age, space investigation and space explorers were and will be the genuine keys to the new thousand years and past. Prior to investigating the future, or in any event, assessing the present, one must glance in detail at the historical backdrop of the space venture. The missions that gave researchers and architects the important information and experience to make new, more secure, increasingly dependable and mind boggling gear were propelled some time before there was reasonable discuss sending tests to Mars. The space travelers that helped shape the preparation programs, took the beatings of crude flight tests, and passed on so as to serve their nation were conceived before World War II. Also, even the Russian Space Program was significant to what the space program is today. It filled rivalry, and gave more assets to American designers. Until Apollo 11, they were in front of the Americans in nearly everyway, with their dispatch of Sputnik, an unmanned satellite in 1957, and their endless firsts in circling and space strolls. Yuri Gagarin was the principal man in space. Albeit the vast majority of the missions that have been propelled have been significant in their own particular manners, a few missions simply stick out, regardless of whether it was the initial step on the Moon, or the principal strategic Mars. NASA's first prominent program was Project Mercury, a push to learn if people could get by in space. It was the preface to the later missions, and it gave NASA the vital information to construct better, and increasingly agreeable boats for people to remain in space for expanded timeframes. The principal dispatch of the Mercury program was the LJ-1 on August 21, 1959. At thirty-five minutes before dispatch, departure of the region had been continuing on time. Unexpectedly, 30 minutes before dispatch time, a dangerous blaze happened. At the point when the smoke cleared it was apparent that lone the container and-tower blend had been propelled, on a direction like an off-the-cushion prematurely end (http://www.ksc.nasa.gov, Mercury: LJ-1). The p rincipal somewhat fruitful shuttle dispatch happened September 9, 1959. In spite of the fact that the BJ-1 boat encountered a few issues, and the planning on a portion of the division techniques was off, the container made it back to earth somewhere in the range of seven hours after lift-off. The container circled the earth for around thirteen minutes (Mercury: BJ-1). Mercury crucial 5 was the first to convey live living beings into sub-circle. In spite of the fact that Enos - a chimpanzee, was not an ideal substitute for a human, he filled in as a decent test for the ecological controls of the case. He circled the earth in absolute weightlessness for more than three hours and after landing was in immaculate state of being (Mercury: MA-5). On May 5, 1961, Freedom 7 was the main dispatch to convey people into space. Alan B. Shepard, Jr. was the main crewmember, and the effective strategic for more than 15 minutes (Mercury: MR-3). Progressively kept an eye on departures from the Mercu ry arrangement followed, featured by the Friendship 7, where on February 20, 1962, John Glenn was the primary American in genuine circle, and he circled the earth multiple times for a little under five hours (Mercury: MA-6). The last crucial the Mercury venture went ahead May 15,

Botox Essay

Question no 1 What are the requirements, needs and requests of customers of Botox items in its distinctive treatment markets? What worth does Botox convey in each market? How does esteem influence cost for Botox? Needs: Treating cross-eye, grimace lines, headache migraines, interminable neck and back agony, inordinate perspiring, and conceivable spastic issue. Needs: People need their face look youthful, legal advisors need to dispose of appearance of disturbance and outrage. Ladies worry about their appearance while man need a smoother brow. Requests: People’s requests are getting more youthful, kinder and gentler-looking and dopey caring for a short treatment with high impacts. The worth Botox conveying in business sectors are diverse among one another as a result of various client fulfillments. In term of the ophthalmologic showcase, Botox is the main arrangement though in the dermatology advertise, its objective is the subsequent position. Botox carries typical eyes to patients just as lovely eyes to clients. Lovely appearance is likewise offered to whom need to claim. Other particular intention are fulfilled by a similar medication. The high estimation of Botox influence an excessive amount to its value run. â€Å"A vial of Botox restorative expenses about $400 and can be utilized for four medications. Contingent upon the doctor’s evaluating plan, every treatment can be $500 to $1000† for almost 15 minutes of activity. Question no 2: When Allergan sold Botox as a forte medication for visual issues, what promoting the board direction was it utilizing? When it sells Botox as a corrective treatment is it utilizing the equivalent or an alternate direction? When Allergan sold Botox as a strength tranquilize visual issues, it just focused on a little market upheld by small showcasing endeavors. The methods it was not utilizing the unmistakable promoting the board direction. When Allergan sold Botox as a corrective treatment, it despite everything kept a similar direction above with aiding of specialists. At the point when patients were infused Botox by these specialists, they didn't realize which precisely name of medication utilized. Question no 3: When specialists treat patients with Botox in their office, is that a case of a selling idea or a showcasing idea? Which idea applies when they hold parties for patients in private home? The specialists have Botox and infuse it in their patients. These patients even don't have the foggiest idea about its name in view of off-mark Botox infusion. At the point when those specialists hold their patients in private home, an advertising idea was utilized. For this situation, 4Ps, the consumer loyalty, and the client arranged are utilized. A gathering is hold to publicize for Botox; chocolates, brie, and champagne are offered as blessings; patients who part the gathering will sign an agreement with lower cost of treatment; time is likewise put something aside for specialists, medical attendants, receptionists, and patients. Partygoers will get important data from specialists short teachers, which encourages them see progressively about their worth and the utilization of Botox .

Student Financial Support Development Office Work at SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Student Financial Support Development Office Work at SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Our Development Office at SIPA is constantly working to help increase the resources we can make available to our students.   The text below comes from a recent letter written to our students by Dean John Coatsworth. ______________________ Knowing how critical fellowship support is to our students, I’m happy to share some great news on this front.   Thanks to the tireless work of our Development Office, in recent months, we have raised nearly $3 million in major gifts for the School, the vast majority of which will go toward fellowships.   Many of these fellowships are endowed, meaning they will exist in perpetuity and grow over time. This $3 million increases an already growing fellowship “pot” made possible by the generosity of other donors, including Jorge Paulo Lemann and the late John Kluge (CC 37), from whose estate SIPA will receive $30 million for endowed student financial aid. In short, SIPA will be able to strengthen our partnership with our student body by which we offer as much financial assistance as possible within our limited means, and our students pragmatically manage both their finances and their expectations for their standard of living while studying here.

Portfolio for Organizational Behavior - 17518 Words

INTRODUCTION The portfolio describes the business implementations of the concepts we learnt in the Organizational Behaviour [MGMT 5100] course. The course enabled us to understand and learn how the organisations work and what key considerations a manager should take care of while managing different people. It also provided us the opportunity to understand ourselves through Concrete Experiences and Reflective Observations of various concepts. It also explains how human behaviour differs based on culture, geography, gender and other external environmental influence. It explained how our ideas and behaviour are perceived by others in an organisation. By actively participating in the class lecture sessions, group discussions, reading the†¦show more content†¦The founder and president of Langley, B.C.-based Paramount Refund Management, which processes claims for clients of the federal Scientific Research and Experimental Development program, tried two designs before introducing her current on e a year and a half ago. â€Å"I had in the past put the targets in the wrong place, so to speak, and got the wrong results,† says Ms. Aulenback of the system. â€Å"I had systems where I let employees participate in part of the profits, and some years they got no bonus because the company didn’t hit its target for whatever reasons,† she says. â€Å"And then one year I had an employee who was able to go back to school because her bonus was so big.† Pay-for-performance can mean anything from pure commission-based compensation, typical in sales environments, to annual bonuses, to salary increases based on merit (rather than cost of living). Used correctly, the structures can align staff with company objectives while providing a financial reward – creating a win-win for both employer and employee, says Andreas Hesse, a consultant with Clear HR Consulting in Vancouver. If you’re not tying raises or bonuses to performance you’re â€Å"simply giving your money away,† Mr. HesseShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Project Management1193 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction 3 2. Organizational project management 4 3. OPM3 Model 5 3.1. Primary physical parts of the standard 5 3.2. OPM3 Stages 6 4. How does the OPM3 work? 7 5. Benefits of OPM3 to the organization 8 6. What kind of commitment is required to launch OPM3 in an organization? 8 7. Importance of OPM3 to the project management profession 9 8. Summary 10 9. References 11 1. Introduction Successful implementation of a new organizational strategy can turn a goodRead MoreMaaaaaa1547 Words   |  7 Pages†¢ Historical background of the company †¢ Mobile communications market players Vision Mission Organizational Culture †¢ Main characteristics †¢ Main factors affecting corporate culture †¢ Culture levels †¢ Culture levels Leadership Style Management Profile Organizational Structure Change Management †¢ Main forces †¢ Categories and change intensity †¢ Methodogy Agenda Organizational Image SOWT Analysis †¢Social Environment ïÆ' ¨ PEST Analysis †¢Task Environment ïÆ' ¨ Porter’s Five ForcesRead MoreEssay on Analysis and Synthesis of Prior Research1253 Words   |  6 Pagesand Synthesis of Prior Research Analysis and Synthesis of Prior Research The companies that efficiently solve their projects issues and portfolio concerns will differentiate themselves from their competition. The projects that companies work to complete with the many different project methodologies demonstrate where the business is now, and the portfolio of projects of the organization demonstrate where the organization is headed. To effectively manage the tremendous number of projects that leadersRead MoreThe Extinction Of The Wild, Endangered Species1551 Words   |  7 Pagesreason that they cannot cope fast enough with the deviations. Accurately, change could be considered as a threat to survivability [1] whether or not it comes from the nature or from humans. Could this happen in organizations that go through an organizational change? Surely, innovation and change are constant in organizations around the world due to the rapid advancement of the technology and business in general. Unfortunately, employees don’t usually adapt fast enough in res ponse to an upcoming changeRead MoreCase Analysis : Escorts Agri Machinery1300 Words   |  6 Pages â€Æ' Introduction: To achieve goals, understanding of organizational competencies is very crucial for strategy formation. Competency provide differentiated advantage over competitors. To get to realize a company’s strong and weak areas, understanding of its internal and external environment is important. Internal environment covers the following things in an organization: †¢ Organizational Structure – Allocated Roles and Authorities †¢ Decision making style of Top management †¢ Work attitude of employeesRead MoreEssay about University of Phoenix Mgt 311 Week 3 Motivation Action Plan987 Words   |  4 Pagesadministered a series of assessments to your three employees to give you a better understanding of their different traits. You have begun putting together an Employee Portfolio for each employee. Now you must use the information from the assessments to create a Motivational Plan. Resources: University of Phoenix Material: Employee Portfolio: Motivation Action Plan, Self Assessments from Week One and Week Two Individual Assignment Determine the motivational strategy or strategies that would likelyRead MoreGlobalization and Organizational Behavior1049 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstand globalization and organizational behavior. Globalization is the tendency of businesses, technologies, or philosophies to spread throughout the world, or the process of making this happen. The global economy is sometimes referred to as a globality, characterized as a totally interconnected marketplace, unhampered by time zones or national boundaries (Search CIO). Organizational behavior is a field of study that studies individuals groups, and structure. Organizational behavior applies the knowledgeRead MoreEli Lilly and Company Case Analysis Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pagescore pharma business in the 1990s, Lilly appears to have either deliberately or inadvertently made a choice to funnel their efforts into the category of neuroscience with the patented products Prozac and Zyprexa, Lillys top sellers. Its imbalanced portfolio and la gging international sales was the consequence of its dependence on just a few key products. This type of a strategy with a focus on neuroscience was not well suited to the more cost conscious international regions whose focus was treatmentRead MoreFinding The Right Project Managers1407 Words   |  6 Pagescompetencies, such as project-specific expertise, problem-solving competence, leadership and social competence have to be complemented with entrepreneurial and project management competence.† In addition, Gillard Price (2005) consider specific attitudes, behaviors and competencies as characteristics of results-oriented, effective project managers.† Professional project management competencies can be achieved with a balance of content knowledge, and the right training. The need for project management competenceRead MoreAnalysis Of Tony Robbins, An American Motivational Speaker And Performance Coach1290 Words   |  6 Pagessuccessful implementation of all organizational and personal changes through this new process. The internal customers of the project have to be indentified and there behavior to be assessed. According to this estimation the project team deduce a strategy to convince the process owner of all advantages. On top this strategy takes care of the long term usage of the new Nearshore order process. 1.2 Company Profile of T-Systems International GmbH Figure 2: Organizational structure of the Deutsche Telekom

Analysis Of The Poem Billy Collins - 1333 Words

Introduction to Poetry Billy Collins is known as one of the most popular, successful, and influential poets in American history. Collins is famously known for addressing his audience directly, mentally pulling them into the poem, and creating a temporary companionship with the reader. One of the prominent examples of this style of writing can be examined in his poem, Introduction to Poetry. In Billy Collins poem, Introduction to Poetry, he plays the role as a teacher, teaching the reader how to analyze poetry by letting your open mindedness lead you to the meaning of the poem. The title of the poem can be compared to a beginner English class, such as Poetry 101. Introduction to Poetry is about a teacher’s frustration towards the simple mistake that inexperienced readers make when poetry is first introduced. Unable to read the poem properly, they often do not capture a poem’s natural beauty or message. Often frustration to interpreting certain pieces of writing leads to the animosity of poetry. In the poem Collins is contrasting two ways of reading a poem. The first opinion, which is advocated in the first five stanzas, is of the poet or teacher who describes how he would like readers to read the poem. The second opinion, which is condemned in the last two stanzas, is of the readers and students who want to find out as quickly as possible what the poem means. Throughout the poem, there is heavy use of metaphor for â€Å"poem†. For example, in the first stanza, â€Å"I ask them toShow MoreRelatedBilly Collins, analysis of his poems. Shoveling snow with Buddha, Victorias secret, and I Chop Some Parsley While Listening To Art Blakeys Version Of Three Blind Mice3082 Words   |  13 PagesArguably the most popular poet in America, Billy Collins provides readers with two types of poetry that is nothing like typical poetry. One of his unique styles is writing as if the poem could be read like a novel. The other type brings humor and whimsy to his work, yet he hints at a seriousness that lies beneath the surface. Both styles of poetry are easy to read, but take a second look to realize what the Collins is intending the reader to understand. Billy Collins is an exceptionally talented poet whoseRead MorePoetry Analysis of Introduction to Poetry837 Words   |  4 PagesPoetry analysis of ‘Introduction to Poetry’ The Poem â€Å"Introduction to Poetry† is by Billy Collins, an English poet, and it is about how teachers often force students to over-analyze poetry and to try decipher every possible meaning portrayed throughout the poem rather than allowing the students to form their own interpretation of the poem based on their own experiences. Throughout the poem, a number of literary devices are used. For example: â€Å"or press an ear against its hive†. Using this metaphorRead MoreLiterary Diction In Billy Collinss Once More To The Lake943 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Once More to the Lake† and â€Å"Forgetfulness† Literary Analysis Sarah sat in the corner of her room extremely upset staring down at a piece of paper. She recently failed a math test, and without enough time to bring up her grade, reality sunk in that she would not be receiving honors this semester. Feeling as if her world was crumbling, Sarah suddenly realized that this is just one grade and that she would hardly remember why she was so upset in a few days. The two sources, â€Å"Once More to theRead MorePoetry Analysis. Protecting The Innocence Instilled In1563 Words   |  7 PagesPoetry Analysis Protecting the innocence instilled in children has been questioned throughout history. Some might believe it is within their rights to shelter children from the gruesome parts of the world in a loving manner, while others might believe it is their job to prepare children for what scary realities lie ahead. This is a subject argued about by many parents, teachers, and guardians. If one were to shelter their children too much, the child would grow up to misunderstand how to surviveRead MoreSonnets By Billy Collins : The Antihero Of Sonnet1770 Words   |  8 PagesIn 2010 Billy Collins writes Sonnet, a piece of literary work I consider to be the antihero of sonnets. Collins ironically follows neither the constructs of a Shakespearean nor Petrarchan Sonnet throughout. He also creatively breathes new life into a strict art form while rejecting the historical rules a sonnet must follow in this work. Upon further review of Sonnet, it becomes clear that this deliberate rule breaking is a s killed nod side-step to historic norms and a promotion of a new age ofRead MoreThe Poem By Billy Collins1652 Words   |  7 PagesThe poem â€Å"Introduction to Poetry† by Billy Collins, is about a teacher explaining to her students how to read and analyze poetry. Collins employs an abundance of figurative language, especially metaphors and images, to express the progressive steps taken to understand a poem for all that it encompasses. When beginning to read a poem, first we must look at the bigger picture, like we are working from the outside of the poem to the inside. Once we begin to understand the storyline, we must dive furtherRead More Reflective Essay on College Writing839 Words   |  4 Pagesthem to our writing. Most of the writing we did was simply based upon our own opinions. We hardly ever used secondary sources. I believe that deconstructionist theory was the most helpful theory I learned this year for analyzing literature. Breaking a poem up line by line or i mage by image or even a story into small sections made it a lot easier to grasp the main concepts of the work. Most of the time during this semester, however, I took a formalist point of view. Also, unlike high school, the readingRead MoreI Am An Efficient Editor1779 Words   |  8 Pagesexpress emotions and personal experiences in a distinct, original way. Over the past few years, I have written a lot of poems and lyrics as a means of sorting my thoughts and dealing with overwhelming emotions. Entering the course, I knew my struggles would not lie in writing poetry, but rather, through deciphering the meanings behind others’ poems. I questioned my ability to annotate poems and write about them in an academic format. In my self-assessment, I identified my greatest writing weakness as â€Å"myRead MoreMy Writing Style And Abilities994 Words   |  4 Pagesthemes that were being conveyed. More specifically, within the assignment of evaluation about love versus lust, I could have incorporated how the themes that were being expressed were associated with the events of the poems and affected the events of the plot. For example, one poem I focused on was AP, by John Updike. Within my essay, I explained the overall events and how they specifically realted to the feelings of the Sammy, a main character, and what literary evidence I believed led him to hisRead MorePoetry Essay Prompt2545 Words   |  11 PagesLiterature Poetry Essay Prompts (1970–2011) 1970 Poem: â€Å"Elegy for Jane† (Theodore Roethke) Prompt: Write an essay in which you describe the speakers attitude toward his former student, Jane. 1971 Poem: â€Å"The Unknown Citizen† (W.H. Auden) Prompt: In a brief essay, identify at least two of the implications implicit in the society reflected in the poem. Support your statements by specific references to the poem. 1972 NO POEM 1973 (exam not available) 1974 Poem: â€Å"I wonder whether one expects...† (No poet

Intramuscular Injection Free Essays

An intramuscular injection is an injection given directly into the central area of a specific muscle. In this way, the  blood vessels  supplying that muscle distribute the injected medication via thecardiovascular system. Purpose Intramuscular injection is used for the delivery of certain drugs not recommended for other routes of administration, for instance intravenous, oral, or subcutaneous. We will write a custom essay sample on Intramuscular Injection or any similar topic only for you Order Now The intramuscular route offers a faster rate of absorption than the subcutaneous route, and muscle tissue can often hold a larger volume of fluid without discomfort.In contrast, medication injected into muscle tissues is absorbed less rapidly and takes effect more slowly that medication that is injected intravenously. This is favorable for some medications. Precautions Careful consideration in deciding which injectable route is to be used for the prescribed medication is essential. The intramuscular route should not be used in cases where muscle size and condition is not adequate to support sufficient uptake of the drug.Intramuscular injection should be avoided if other routes of administration, especially oral, can be used to provide a comparable level of absorption and effect in any given individual’s situation and condition. Intramuscular injections should not be given at a site where there is any indication of  pain. Description Intramuscular (IM) injections are given directly into the central area of selected muscles. There are a number of sites on the human body that are suitable for IM injections; however, there are three sites that are most commonly used in this procedure.Deltoid muscle The deltoid muscle located laterally on the upper arm can be used for intramuscular injections. Originating from the Acromion process of the scapula and inserting approximately one-third of the way down the humerus, the deltoid muscle can be used readily for IM injections if there is sufficient muscle mass to justify use of this site. The deltoid’s close proximity to the radial nerve and radial artery means that careful consideration and palpation of the muscle is required to find a safe site for penetration of the needle.There are various methods for defining the boundaries of this muscle. Vastus lateralis muscle The vastus lateralis muscle forms part of the quadriceps muscle group of the upper leg an d can be found on the anteriolateral aspect of the thigh. This muscle is more commonly used as the site for IM injections as it is generally thick and well formed in individuals of all ages and is not located close to any major arteries or nerves. It is also readily accessed. The middle third of the muscle is used to define the injection site.This third can be determined by visually dividing the length of the muscle that originates on the greater trochanter of the femur and inserts on the upper border of the patella and tibial tuberosity through the patella ligament into thirds. Palpation of the muscle is required to determine if sufficient body and mass is present to undertake the procedure. Gluteus medius muscle The gluteus medius muscle, which is also known as the ventrogluteal site, is the third commonly used site for IM injections. The correct area for injection can be determined in the following manner. Place the heel of the hand of the greater trochanter of the femur with fingers pointing towards the patient’s head. The left hand is used for the right hip and vice versa. While keeping the palm of the hand over the greater trochanter and placing the index finger on the anterior superior iliac spine, stretch the middle finger dorsally palpating for the iliac crest and then press lightly below this point. The triangle formed by the iliac crest, the third finger and index finger forms the area suitable for intramuscular injection.Determining which site is most appropriate will depend upon the patient’s muscle density at each site, the type and nature of medication you wish to administer, and of course the patient’s preferred site for injections. Preparation Before  administering medication, a health care practitioner verify the medication order for accuracy and prepare the medication from the vial or ampule. * First, ensure you have identified the patient and ass ist them into a position which is comfortable and practical for access to the njection site you have chosen. * Locate the correct area for injection using the above guidelines or those taught during medical training. Clean the site with an alcohol swab or other cleansing agent. * Prepare the syringe by removing the needle cover, inverting the syringe, and expelling any excess air. Approximately 0. 1–0. 2 ml of air should be left in the syringe so that the air in the top of the syringe chamber, when the  syringe and needle  are pointing down, forces the entire amount of medication to be delivered.This also prevents medication residue from being left in the needle, where it can leak into the subcutaneous and dermal layers when the syringe and needle are removed from the muscle. * When ready to inject, spread the skin using the fingers of the non-dominant hand. Holding the syringe with the thumb and forefinger of the dominant hand, pierce the skin and enter the muscle. This process should be done quickly with sufficient control so as to lessen the discomfort of the patient.If there is little muscle mass, particularly in infants or the elderly, then you may need to pinch the muscle to provide more volume of tissue in which to inject. * Aspirate at the injection site (while syringe and needle are within the muscle) by holding the barrel of the syringe with the non-dominant hand and pulling back on the syringe plunger with the dominant hand. If  blood  appears in the syringe, it is an indication that a blood vessel may have been punctured. The needle and syringe should be immediately withdrawn and a new injection prepared. If no blood is aspirated, continue by slowly injecting the medication at a constant rate until all medication has been delivered. * Withdraw the needle and syringe quickly to minimize discomfort. The site may be briefly massaged, depending on the medication given. Some medication manufacturers advise against massaging the site after injection, as it reduces the effect and intention of the medication by dispersing it too readily or over too large an area. Manufacturers’ recommendations should be checked. * Discard the used syringe and needle intact as soon as possible in an appropriate disposal receptacle. Check the site at least once more a short time after the injection to ensure that no bleeding, swelling or any other signs of reaction to the medication are present. Monitor the patient for other signs of side effects, especially if it is the first time the patient is receiving the medication. * Document all injections given and any other relevant information. Aftercare Monitor for signs of localized redness, swelling, bleeding, or inflammation at injection site. Observe the patient for at least 15 minutes following the injection for signs of reaction to the drug. ComplicationsMost complications of intramuscular injections are a result of the drug injected and not the procedure. However, it is possible that localized trauma of the injection site may result as part of the process. Minor discomfort and pain is common for a short period following the injection, but usually resolves within a few hours. Results The optimal outcome is a situation in which the medication is safely and effectively delivered to the patient via intramuscular injection without signs of complications or discomfort. Safety for the health care provider is also paramount. Health care team rolesThe health care provider is obliged to undertake the following when administering an intramuscular injection: * Inform and educate the patient on the need and effect of the medication being delivered. * Ensure the correct identification and verification procedures are followed. * Provide privacy for the patient during the procedure. * Understand the theory behind selecting appropriate injection sites. * Demonstrate correct technique when undertaking the procedure. * Monitor for complications. * Document all relevant information and ensure safe disposal of equipment. How to cite Intramuscular Injection, Papers

Impact of Green Supply Chain Management-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Impact of green supply chain management on organizational performance. Answer: Introduction This is a study, which will analyze the impact of green supply chain management on the performance of an organization. The organizations that resource dependent or the organizations having a supply chain that are prone to environmental damage are adopting green strategies to create a sustainable corresponding environment. Background and problem definition The organizations that have supply chain management consist of upstream and downstream activities. These upstream and downstream activities often have an impact on the corresponding environment and the society. Thus, green measures are necessary to maintain the sustainability of the environment. Moreover, the organizations that are dependent on resources will have to manage their resources in a better way in order to maintain their long-term sustainability in the market (Zhu, Sarkis and Lai 2013). Thus, the majority of the organizations are facing issue in incorporating these factors in to the organization. Thus, the study will identify the issues and measures that can be taken by the organizations for contributing positively to the environment and the society. Objectives To evaluate the importance of green supply chain management in improving organizational performance To identify the significance of green supply chain management in improving organizational performance To recommend suitable strategies for effective implementation of green supply chain management in an organization Research question What is the importance of green supply chain management in improving organizational performance? What is the significance of green supply chain management in improving organizational performance? Literature review It is crucial to maintain a balance between the environmental and economic performance of the organization. However, it has been seen that the organization having a good brand image due to their social and environmental have been able to improve their profit margin (Yang et al. 2013). Thus, more and more organizations are adding bottom lines in to the main bottom line of the organization so that they can assess their environmental and social impact. Research plan Main activities/ stages Week1 Week2 Week3 Week4 Week5 Week 6 Topic Selection Data collection from secondary sources Framing layout of the research Literature review Formation of the research Plan Selection of the Appropriate Research Techniques Primary data collection Analysis Interpretation of Data Collection Conclusion of the Study Formation of Rough Draft Submission of Final Work Data collection and Data analysis The study will use mixed method for data collection and will consist of both quantitative and qualitative analysis of data. This study will use both primary and secondary analysis of data. If the research methodology is followed, it is expected that the desired result will be obtained. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded from the study that there has green management in supply chain is a strategy which has been taken by organization to maintain the long-term sustainability of the business. The objective and methods to be used has been set, following the methods in an effective way will provide valid result. References Kirchoff, J.F., Tate, W.L. and Mollenkopf, D.A., 2016. The impact of strategic organizational orientations on green supply chain management and firm performance.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,46(3), pp.269-292. Mitra, S. and Datta, P.P., 2014. Adoption of green supply chain management practices and their impact on performance: an exploratory study of Indian manufacturing firms.International Journal of Production Research,52(7), pp.2085-2107. Yang, C.S., Lu, C.S., Haider, J.J. and Marlow, P.B., 2013. The effect of green supply chain management on green performance and firm competitiveness in the context of container shipping in Taiwan.Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review,55, pp.55-73. Zhu, Q., Sarkis, J. and Lai, K.H., 2013. Institutional-based antecedents and performance outcomes of internal and external green supply chain management practices.Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management,19(2), pp.106-117

Chrominimum Essays - Occupational Safety And Health,

Chrominimum Chris Nicholatos 11/29/99 Mr. Cicero Block-D Chromium Chromium is a metal found in natural deposits as ores containing other elements. Chromium is a steel-gray, hard metal that is very brittle. It is classified as a heavy metal. After its refined from the ore chromite its compounds are used in leather tanning and manufacturing of chromic acid, pigments, and corrosion-resistant chrome products. The greatest use of chromium is in metal alloys such as magnetic tapes, paint pigments, cement, paper, and stainless steel. It is also used as an ingrediant in drilling mud, which is used to drill oil wells. Humans do need a certain amount of trivalent chromium to maintain good health. Although, in other forms, chromium can be toxic for humans. Workers in chromium products facilities have increased risks of cancer of the lungs and nose. In 1974, Congess passes the Safe Drinking Water Act. This act required EPA to determine safe levels of chemicals in drinking water which might cauase health problems. These levels are called Maximum Contaminant Level Goals or MCLGs'. The MCLG for chromium is 0.1 parts per million or PPMs'. At this level there is no potential for health problems. This and all other standards for water quality are called National Primary Drinking Water Gegulations. All public water supplies must abide by these regulations. Short-term effects can include, but are not limited to, skin irritation or ulceration. This occurs when a person is exposed to chromium at levels that exceed MCL standards for a relatively short period of time. Long-term effects can include, but are not limited to, damage to liver, kidneys, circulatory and nerve tissue, and skin irratation. This occurs when a person is exposed to chromium at level above MCL standards over a lifetime. Production of chromium contaminated water was about 250,000 tons in 1992. Chromium occurs mostly as chrome iron ore and is widley found in soils and plants, it is rare in natural water. The two largest sources of chromium emissions in the atmosphere are fom the chemical manufacturing industry and combustion of natural gas, oil, and coal. From 1987 to 1993, according to the Toxic Release Inventory, chromium compound released to land and water totaled nearly 200 million pounds. The releases were primarily from industrial organic chemical industries. The largest releases occurred in Texas and North Carolina. The largest direct release to water occurred in Georgia and Pennsylvania. When released to land, chromium compounds bind to soil are not likely to migrate to ground water. They are very persistant in water as sediments. There is a high potential for accumulation of chromuim in aquatic life. Now, EPA monitors your drinking water supply. They take samples and analyze the water to make sure the chromium levels do not exceed MCL standards of 0.1 ppm. If the levels are exceeded the officials must take steps to reduce the contamination. Some steps that have been approved by the EPA for the removal of chromium are: Coagulation/Filtration, Ion Exchange, Reverse Osmosis, Lime Softening. Also, when chromium levels exceed health standards EPA must notify the general public by newspaper, radio, television, or other means. Currently Texas has the highest rate of toxins released into water and land. In closing Massachusettes in general is not in any serious danger of contamination by chromium. Only industrialzed cities and cities with nuclear power plants and facilities. But since are current status is good in that department we should do everything in our power to keep it that way. Science Essays

Welfare1 essays

Welfare1 essays Public assistance, also known as welfare, is not free money. Public assistance benefits many people who have a low income or no means of income at all. The benefits available are based on the level of income for different sized families and in different states. Welfare is also not to be provided in a biased manner to anyone who applies for it. Welfare in the United States Federal and State Governments serve the financially challenged through about 60 public assistance programs. Most look to receive help through one of the three major programs. These programs are the healthcare programs Medicaid and Medicare, Aid to Families with Dependant Children (AFDC), or the food stamps program. These are all the advantages to public assistance. Even though the welfare system provides money, medical care, food, housing, or other things for most people in need, it puts a dent in the U.S.s economy. There are too many single jobless parents, elderly, disabled, and others who are in need the pub lic assistance who either never get it or are dependent on it. Yet, there are still many problems in supplying all this to the needy, which is a concern many have. This paper will discuss the programs individually explaining how good causes can lead to a dent in the economy. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Service oversee medical care given to the needy and the elderly through Medicare insurance or the basic services provided by Medicaid. They both have been around since the late 1960s and have grown with time and in 1977 Medicare was taken over by Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) (World Almanac). Funds vary from state to state. Medicare insures anyone over the age of sixty-five and those possessing certain disabling conditions. Medicaid finishes up the rest and is pertained more toward the needy, and places where services are carried out in the form of health care. In some situations, people who may be able to pay for dai...

The Importance of Phonetics & Phonology in English Assignment

The Importance of Phonetics & Phonology in English - Assignment Example These distinctions usually go unnoticed within the community if they occur regularly, but can attract attention by those of the non-English speaking community, or those learning English. The effect of delay on articulator movement can be seen in English words such as more and now, where the beginning of the vowel is nasalized, partly because of the delay in raising the velum at the end of the nasal consonant. The nasality of the initial consonant thus overlaps onto the following oral vowel. A similar effect tends to nasalize the voiced fricative following [n] in such words as burns and bronze. In most varieties of English, this occurs in particular before // and (in rhotic dialects) before coda /r/ (that is, /r/ followed by a consonant or at the end of a word); it also occurs, to a lesser extent, before tautosyllabic // and /g/. Some examples of neutralization of // to /e/ before // are beg, egg, Greg, keg, leg, and peg's coming to rhyme with Craig, Hague, plague and vague. Some varieties (including most American English dialects) have significant vocalic neutralization before intervocalic /r/, as well.

Medical Image Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Medical Image Marketing - Essay Example Reports are ready immediately, which reduces turnaround time and greatly increases the ability of the radiologist professional to self-edit reports. In one study, turnaround time was reduced from 20 hours to less than 6 hours. For the ordering doctor and the patient this means a quicker response to time sensitive medical issues. For the hospital and administration there is a cost savings involved over the traditional hand transcription, as it eliminates the need for contracted transcription services. RadWhere can be customized to utilize individual radiologist templates as well as a standard template set. It has an accuracy rate of 99 percent and is compatible with a wide variety of accents and foreign dialects. The ability of the radiologist to self-edit markedly decreases the time from the imaging to the final report, and the archiving and retrieval versatility makes the report available to large scale integrated systems (Industry-wide Focus on Cutting Transcription Costs). Computed Tomography (CT) Scan is an x-ray technique that uses digital imaging to create and reconstruct cross-sectional pictures of the heart. This system is used by doctors in the identification and treatment of heart disease and abnormalities. Traditionally, viewing inside the heart could be accomplished by cardiac catheterization, a slow and invasive process. CT scanning of the heart allows multiple cross section x-rays to be taken, which are then reconstructed into a 3 dimensional image. One of the obstacles to this process has been that the heart is in continual motion and the resulting image is reduced in resolution and accuracy. The Toshiba CT Scanner 64 Slice with Cardiac software overcomes these obstacles. Higher resolution imaging and enhanced software allows the CT operator to get high quality 3 dimensional images of hearts with rates as fast as 140 beats per minute. Toshiba states that the software "facilitates cardiac CT angiographic reconstruction when the heart is in the best cardiac phase with minimum motion" (Staffordshire General Hospital). Additionally, the Toshiba CT Scanner and software renders true cardiac function analysis, as a beta blocker is not required for its use. It has the ability to deliver sufficient resolution to image coronary arteries and soft plaque structures. Patient care quality is improved as the process is quick, non-invasive, and provides early warnings of problems that may exist within the cardiac system. Doctors benefit from the improved imaging and the ability to see the multi-dimensional rendering, which allows them to more thoroughly examine the heart's activities and the associated problems of plaque buildup (Staffordshire General Hospital). "On Guard": Chest X-ray CAD by Riverain Medical The most critical component driving improved prognosis in lung cancer patients is early detection. Riverain Medical has improved the ability of doctors to diagnose patients for lung cancer with it "On Guard" Chest X-ray Computer Aided Detection (CAD) technology. The system utilizes existing and traditional x-rays to aid the radiologist in locating and identifying early stage actionable nodules that may be early stage lung cancer. In addition, it interfaces with Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) technology to easily integrate into a hospital's existing system.

Factors of Acute Kidney Injury

Factors of Acute Kidney Injury 1. Introduction: Kidneys are the important two paired organs of our body that function normally under the physiological limits. Kidneys may lose its normal functioning under certain circumstances paving way to a disease state of kidney. These kidneys as termed filter units of the body function to excrete waste substances from the body. Similar to the other diseases of the body, kidney diseases result in life threatening dilemma of the society, with inclusive pathological causes and related social norms. In following section various aspects of acute kidney injury (failure) are discussed in detail. 2. Acute Kidney Injury: Studies related to ‘’acute kidney failure (ARF)’’ were jeopardized for over past decades due to the conflicting definitions and varied diagnostic criteria of the disease by different investigators, though, all reached to an agreement that a decline in renal function for over the time of hours to days is the distinct characteristic feature of ARF. In the year 2005, an initiative has been taken by Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative and the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) for replacing the term ‘’Acute Kidney Failure’’ to ’Acute kidney Injury (AKI)’’ (Mehta et al, 2007).However, this definition was further improved in the year 2007, which is mostly accredited to as the RIFLE criteria (Risk-Injury-Failure-Loss of function-End stage renal disease). Moreover, elevated serum creatinine level and deceased urine output are included in the diagnostic criteria. The first three stages of AKI including stage 1 – r isk, stage 2 – injury and stage 3 failure with diagnostic criteria are shown in the Figure 1 (Kellun et al, 2005). Acute renal failure (ARF) is defined as a rapid and reversible decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ranging from few hours to weeks,that can occur in the setting of previously normal renal function (‘classic’ ARF) or in a patient with pre-existing chronic renal disease (‘acute-on-chronic’ renal failure). Clinically, ARF is further subcategorized in two distinct types, firstly on the basis of being oliguric (urine output 500 ml/day), and secondly on being dialysis dependence (Schrier et al, 2004). Patients are classified in three categories depending on their risk of renal dysfunction, type of kidney injury, and the degree of kidney failure, which is further associated with two clinical outcomes: Loss and End-stage renal disease (RIFLE). ARF (Loss) is defined as the requirement of renal replacement therapy (RRT) for a period of more than 4 weeks, whereas end-stage renal disease is defined as dependence on dialysis for a period of more than 3 months. Patients with acute renal dysfunction without presenting a baseline measure of renal function are evaluated for the presence of chronic renal disease. The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula is used to predict ‘normal’ GFR is there is no evidence of chronic renal disease, which thus is helpful in assessing the severi ty of the ARF episode (Lameire et al, 2006). 2.1. Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury: Evaluation of theaccurateand factual epidemiological characteristics of ARF is hinderedby various reasons such as, lack of a generally accepted definition, gender disparity, issue of lacking consult with a doctor, financial issues in transplantation and treatment and delayed treatment, especially in developing countries, which all together contribute in hampering proper assessment of incidence of acute kidney injury (Cerdà ¡ et al, 2008). Furthermore, deviation in catchment populations and methods used for case ascertainment also result in difficulties for ARI evaluation. The rate of acute kidney injury holds difference in the general population, designated differently as three groups, community-acquired acute kidney injury, the hospitalized patients and critically ill patients of intensive care unit (ICU). 2.1.1. Community Acquired Acute Kidney Injury: Generally, ARF occurs rarely in community settings. After exclusion of those who suffered chronic renal failure, ARF was found developed in 172 adults per million people (pmp) per year in an unselected population(Singbartl et al., 2000).The incidence ranged between 17 pmp/year and 949 pmp/year for adults (less than 50 years of age) and those aged between 80 years and 89 years, respectively. Acute dialysis was administered to 22 pmp(Liano et al) and it was foundin a research study conducted for over a period of 9 months at 13 tertiary care hospitals in Madrid, Spain that the overall incidence of ARF is about 209 cases pmp. Moreover, it has been reported that community-acquired ARF in the US account for 1% of hospital admissions(Schnermann, 2003). Pre-renal ARF and acute-on-chronic renal failure have been reported to be associated with dehydration particularly in elderly people, use of drugs such as angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers in highrisk patients, and heart failure(Schnermann, 2003). Also, 0.69% of admissions of African Americans were accounted for de novo ARF. The incidence of community acquired ARF in this population was 3.5 times more than that of hospital-acquired ARF; with several patients having underlying medical conditions(Noiri et al., 2001).Disasters in particular earthquakes, many other causes of crush syndromes such as accidents, rhabdomyolysis resulting from infections, coma, and seizures, usage of drugs particularly nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, and vascular events such as thrombosis of vessels are associated with community-acquired ARF. Furthermore, hemolytic uremic syndrome secondary to infection with Escherichia coli or Shigella is a common cause of ARF, as is poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis in children. Diarrheal diseases, hemolysis, tropical and non-tropical infections, and snake bites are causative factors of ARF in tropical areas such as India and Africa. The overall incidence of obstet ric-related ARF has declined for over many years (Melnikov et al., 2001; Wang et al., 2003). Medicines that are prescribed by traditional healers which mostly comprise mixture of herbs and unidentified chemicals for oral administration or as enemas constitute a distinct class of nephrotoxins in Africa and Asia(Jha V and Chugh2003) 15. Venoms of sea snakes, viper snakes and stinging insects, and raw gallbladder and bile of carp and sheep are present in common animal-derived nephrotoxins. Moreover, common edible plants such as djenkol beans, and mushrooms and medicinal herbs including impila, as well as cat’s clawcomprise botanical nephrotoxins (Melnikov et al., 2001).Nephrotoxicity which is caused by different chemicals can be due to accidental exposure to chemical such as chromic acid in industrial work places or due to use of chemicals such as copper sulphate, ethylene dibromide or ethylene glycol with suicidal or homicidal intent. 2.1.2. Hospital-acquired: The incidence of hospital acquired ARF surpasses that of community-acquired ARF by 5–10 times, being 0.15–7.20% in hospitalized patients (Nash et al., 2002). Surveysthat are used for hospital-acquired ARF under estimate the true incidence, as cases that include terminal patients are not either referred for treatment for ARF or are not screened for ARF. Out of 311 unselected hospitalized patients with ARF, 22% were referred to a nephrologist in an assessment in unselected patients. Age and comorbidities of patients at presentation influenced the referral(Zuk et al., 2001) and by different referral patterns to the site of care including district general hospital, tertiary referral centre, general ICU, and cardiothoracic ICU. In a prospective hospital-based study of ARF, the estimated incidence with need for RRT was reported to be 203 pmp/year, having patients with acute-on-chronic renal failure inclusive (Metcalfe et al., 2002). A significant elevated level in the inciden ce of hospital-acquired ARF has been observed over the period of past decades. The US National Center for Health Statistics National Hospital Discharge Survey reported that the number of hospitalizations with a diagnosis of ARF has increased dramatically, from 35,000 in 1979 to more than 650,000 in 2002, depicting an yearly rate of increase of over 13% which may be due tovarious comorbidities of the hospitalized population, increasing age of the population, increased occurrence of risk factors for ARF including chronic kidney disease and diabetes, and furtherprevalent use of intravenous contrast agents for imaging and cardiovascular techniques. Ischemic and/or toxic acute tubular necrosis (ATN) are marked the main causes of hospital-acquired ARF. Most of the time, there involves multi factorial causes including, encompassing postsurgical ATN, chemotherapy-induced ARF, ARF secondary to sepsis, contrast agents or drugs such as antibiotics, allopurinol, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories and proton-pump inhibitors, and ARF due to a clot or atheroembolism. In spite of the shift in the etiology of hospital-acquired ARF over last few decades, prerenal conditions having manifestationsuch as reduced rates of renal perfusion stays to be leading causative factor of ARF (about 40% of cases). The trend in developed countries towards an elevated incidence of ARF in hospitalized patients due to drugs, different infections and surgeries has been observed in China(Wang et al., 2005)as well as in India (Prakash et al., 2003). 2.1.3. ARF in critically ill patients admitted to the ICU Patients in ICU, exhibit ARF many times associated with multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (JoannidisMetnitz, 2005). The findings of a multinational epidemiological study of ARF presented results that showed occurrence of ARF in 1,738 (5.7%) patients during their stay in ICU out of total sample size of 29,269 patients in ICUs of 54 study centers in 23 countries(Uchino et al., 2005), with period prevalence ranging from 1.4% to 25.9% in all study centers. 1,260 (4.2%) of the patients out of overall patients with ARF were treated with RRT. Many ICU patients were considered for ATN in the setting of multi-organ failure (Mehta et al., 2004). 2.2. Pathogenesis: The pathogenesis of acute kidney injury most importantly comprises two mechanisms that include loss of autoregulation and increased renal vasoconstriction. In experimental animals, acute ischemic injury is found associated with a considerable loss of renal autoregulation (Abuelo, 2007). Also, in case of decrease in renal perfusion pressure, there occurs normal autoregulatory renal vasodilation, evidence has been reported exhibiting renal vasoconstriction in case of ischemic kidney. Moreover, acute ischemic insult has been found associated with rise in the response to renal nerve stimulation (Abuelo, 2007). The increase vasoconstrictor response has been observed to the exogenous norepinephrine and endothelin, in the acute ischemic kidney (Basile, 2007). These vascular anomalies experienced during ischemic kidney are related to the resultant elevation of cytosolic calcium observed in the afferent arterioles of the glomerulus. The pathogenetic role of elevated cytosolic calcium concentr ation in the afferent arteriole of the ischemic kidney is supported by the observation that intrarenal calcium channel blockers can reverse the loss of autoregulation and the subsequent rise in sensitivity to renal nerve stimulation (Abuelo, 2007). The mitochondrial calcium build-up in the ischemic kidney is found to be reversed by calcium channel blockers administration (Starkov et al., 2004). Moreover, calcium channel blockers have been shown to lessen renal dysfunction and toxicity associated with the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine following cadaveric renal transplantation, when administrated prior to the ischemic insult (Starkov et al., 2004). 2.2.1. Outer medullary congestion: The outer medullary congestion of the kidney is yet one of the vascular hallmark of acute renal ischemia. Previous research studies have proposed that the outer medullary congestion of the kidney further worsens the relative hypoxia in the outer medulla and subsequently the hypoxic injury in the S3 segment of the proximal tubule and the thick ascending limb of the Henle loop (Heyman et al., 2010). Up-regulation of adhesion molecules termed related to outer medullary

Difference Between Freud vs Erikson

In this essay, I am going to compare and contrast two famous theorists Erik Erikson and Sigmund Freud. I will be talking about each of these theorists and their famous theories of psychosocial and psychosexual, since they both are well known development theories. I will provide enough information about both and explain the differences of each, as well. First off, Freud had inspired Erickson who had theories that were in a number of ways different than Freud’s. Freud and Erickson have similarities and differences in the things that do or explore within their theories and the way they do things. Freud was the most well known person to be called The Father of Psychology. He is the one who had introduced his theory of psychoanalysis that gave psychology a new name for the future or the new era. Freud used psychoanalysis as the method to understand how our minds work, as well as the way they grow and develop throughout the stages of development. Psychoanalysis is the behavior, feelings or personality that we try to be understood in order to help with mental problems. Freud’s theory tries to explain the determination of the complex relationship within the body and mind that helps explain the unconscious and roles of emotions that need to be understood. So basically, Psychoanalysis is the part where it tries to explain the how, what, and why we behave towards ourselves and others. Erik Erikson, on the other hand, was famous for his theory of psychosocial development and to learn about the identity crisis back in that time. Erikson’s theories are one of the most used theories throughout the world, as of today. Erik Erikson had believed that his theory development had an impact on personality and that it grows in stages. That is why; Erikson came up with the Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development. His theory had described that lifespan was at an impact in an experience in socialism. Erikson was a man who learned from Freud and became a better person and made a living out of helping determine personality, behaviors and so much more. Freud’s Psychosexual Stage is of the human development that began in the early 19th century. He developed such a general theory for psychosexual development that starts from infancy and goes to adulthood. As for Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage of Development which impact the human development in humans. Erikson takes the importance of placing the social and cultural components of a human’s development experiences. Each of these theorists had various stages that went from just being born to adulthood. And I will compare and contrast each one, as well. The first stage is birth to 1 years old and between Freud and Erikson it seems to be about the same, but different. For instance, Freud’s stage is of Oral in which the child has a primary source of pleasure that comes through their mouth from tasting, eating and/or sucking. As for Erikson’s stage is the trust vs. mistrust stage that has the child to learn to gain the trust or mistrust of their parent’s or caregivers. The second stage is 1 to 3 years old and in the Freud stage it is the anal stage. In the anal stage for Freud, the children get a sense of power to control and learn how to potty train themselves to become masters at a sense of growing up. In Erikson’s stage it is Autonomy vs. Doubt. Autonomy vs. Doubt contributes to children controlling their activities like going to the bathroom, eating, talking, and so much more. The third stage is from ages 3 to 6 years old and in Freud’s stage it is the phallic stage that brings the focus of energy on the genitals where children start to identify their sex of the same parent. In Erikson’s stage it is Initiative vs. Guilt stage that the child takes on more control of their environment atmosphere. The fourth stage is from ages 7 to 11 years old and in Freud’s case it is the latent stage. In the latent stage the child is focused on activities that have to do with school, hobbies or friends, instead of something important. In Erikson’s stage it is the Industry vs. Inferiority where the child or children develop a new sense of mastering new skills on their own. The fifth stage is from the adolescence stage. In the adolescence stage for Freud it is the genital stage that the children become explorative within their bodies, as well as in relationships. In Erikson’s stage it is the identity vs. Role confusion stage. In this stage the child onfirms to find their sense and identify their personal self. Within the sixth stage it has to do with adulthood and Freud had believed that this stage was to balance out throughout all areas of our lives. Erikson’s stage was intimacy vs. isolation where young adults would find their companionship, as well as their soul mates. Erikson also in this stage had Generativity vs. Stagnation that was toward middle aged adults who had the ability to nurture other middle aged adults and help within our society by giving back. The integrity vs. espair by Erikson was the stage that reflected on older adults in their 50’s and up to look back on their life and get the sense of their years of growing up in fulfillment and bitterness of the good and bad. In conclusion, I have compared and contrasted on two well-known theorists Freud and Erikson and also went through each stage of their developments they have created within psychology. They have taught a lot of people the way our personality, mind and behaviors work, as we grow into adults from infants. I know that I have learned a lot from them, as well and will inspire others to know the same information that I know today.

Regina V. G and Another Case Brief

Case Title: Regina v. G and another (Appellants) (On Appeal form the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division)) Citation: [2003] UKHL 50 Procedural History (PH): The appellants were charged on 22nd August 2000; without lawful excuse damaged by fire; commercial premises and being reckless as to whether such property would be damaged. The appellants stood trial before Judge Maher in March 2001. The appellants’ case at trial was that they expected the fire to extinguish itself on the concrete.It was accepted that neither of them conceived that there was any risk of the fire spreading. At the start of the trial submissions were made on the meaning of â€Å"recklessness†. The judge ruled that he was bound to direct the jury in accordance with R v Caldwell . The Judge then directed the jury on the three matters he listed. The jury was unable to come to a decision on the same day but returned on another day and convicted the appellants. Upon receiving the verdict the judge adjourned the proceedings for a pre-sentence report.The judge made a one year supervision in the case of each appellant. Facts: On the night of 21st -22nd August 2000, the appellants, then aged 11 and 12 respectively went camping without the permission of their parents’, they entered the back yard of the Co-op Shop in Newport Pagnell. They lit some newspapers that they had found. Both defendants threw some lit newspaper under a large plastic wheelie-bin. The defendants left the yard before putting the fire to rest.As a result the newspapers caught fire to the first wheelie-bin which then spread to the other wheelie-bin then spread to the eave, guttering, fascia and the roof and eventually spread to the adjoining buildings. The damages approximated to a sum of 1million Pounds Sterling. Issues: 1. Did the defendant damage by fire the building and the commercial premises? 2. Would the risk created by the defendant been obvious to an ordinary, reasonable, bystander? 3. Had the defendant g iven any thought to the possibility of there being a risk in doing what he did?Judgment: The Appellants succeeded in having their conviction quashed. By the reasons given by Lord Bingham of Cornhill, with the support of Lord Browne-Wilkinson, Lord Steyn, Lord Hutton, and Lord Rodger of Earlsferry. Rule(s) of Law: 1. Did the defendant damage by fire the building and the commercial premises? The appellant did damage the building and commercial premises by fire. During the proceedings, the judge pointed out that there was no doubt in the appellants damaging the building and premises by fire. 2.Would the risk created by the defendant have been obvious to an ordinary, reasonable, bystander? It is accepted that the reasonable bystander is an adult with no particular expertise with the common knowledge and reasoning capabilities. The jury agreed that the reasonable bystander would have been able to foresee the possibility of the fire spreading. Thus the appellants were convicted under stan ding test . The jury was inclined to accept that intention could be shown by proof of reckless disregard of an act perceived by the reasonable man as a risk. 3.Had the defendant given any thought to the possibility of there being a risk in doing what he did? It was agreed on appeal that the boys did not foresee any risk of the fire spreading in the way it eventually did. Many leading academic writers on English criminal law have believe that the criminal law should punish people only for those consequences of their acts, which they foresaw at the relevant time. Supporting Argument: Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea. Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea translates to; the act does not make a person guilty unless the mind is also guilty.It is a constructive principle that conviction of serious crime should rely on evidence not merely that the defendant caused an detrimental effect to another but rather that his state of mind when so acting was blameworthy. Willingly disregardin g an appreciated and unacceptable risk of causing a detrimental effect or a methodical and purposeful ignorant state of mind to such risk would also be considered blame worthy. In contrast it is not distinctively culpable to do something that encompasses the gamble of grievance to another in the event of one authentically not identifying the said gamble.Did the judge’s direction transgress the decision of the jury? It can be debated that since R v Caldwell the case at hand precisely outlines that Lord Diplock’s direction is capable of persuading evident unfairness. The trial judge admitted to the regret of his direction to the jury which transgressed the decision of the jury. The jury may have inferred that persons the same age of the appellants would have understood the risk involved however this was not their decision. However the jury thought it unfair to convict them.It is not considered moral or just to convict a defendant s a result of what another may have under stood if the defendant had no such understanding himself. Was the interpretation of â€Å"recklessly† wrong? In section 1 of the Act, it was shown that the interpretation of â€Å"recklessly† to have been misleading. Had the misinterpretation not conflicted with any principle or had not intensified an injustice; the misinterpretation would not have had any impact, however it resulted in the opposite.Thus it is vital for the correction of the misinterpretation of â€Å"recklessly†. Losing Argument: Should the rule in R v Caldwell be modified? The modification would defy the principle that conviction depends on the mens rea of the defendant. If the principle was modified to accommodate children on the grounds of naivety it would be uncharacteristic if no modification was made to include the mentally handicapped on the grounds of their narrow ability of perception.Implementing modifications of this classification will encourage challenging and controversial debate with regard to the qualities and characteristics plausible for comparison. The implementation of this modification will replace one misinterpretation for another. Were the appellants reckless? A person is said to be reckless if knowing that there is a risk that an event may occur as a consequence of their conduct as defined by The Merriam Webster dictionary .A defendant is only considered to have acted recklessly by the advantage of their failure to give any thought to the risk or property damage that may have been apparent had they given any thought to the matter. Determining if a risk would have been apparent to the defendant is very unpredictable. The tribunal of fact should not acknowledge the defendant’s proclamation that it never occurred to them that there was risk of property damage providing that the conditions, prospects, and evidence point that the thought process must have crossed their mind. Obiter Dicta’ The meaning of â€Å"maliciously† It is unde rstood by the court that use of the term ‘maliciously’ requires proof of intension. Malice necessitates an authentic objective to do a precise kind of destruction. The court accepts that â€Å"maliciously† introduces consciousness that an act may have the consequence of causing substantial impairment to some other person despite if the impairment foreseen was reasonably minimal.

How to Learn the Russian Alphabet

The Russian alphabet is based on Cyrillic and Glagolitic scripts, which were developed from Byzantine Greek in order to facilitate the spread of Christianity during the 9th and 10th centuries. Some letters in the modern Russian alphabet look familiar to English speakers — Е, Ð £, К, Ð  — while other letters do not resemble any characters in the English alphabet. Russian Alphabet Sounds The Russian alphabet is relatively easy to learn thanks to its principle of one letter per sound. This principle means that most phonemes (sounds that convey meaning) are represented by their own letters. The spelling of Russian words typically reflects all of the sounds that are part of that word. (This will get more complicated when we move onto allophones—variations of possible pronunciations.) Get to know the Russian alphabet by studying all three columns below. The first column provides the Russian letter, the second column provides an approximate pronunciation (using English characters), and the third column gives an idea of what the letter sounds like, using an example from an English word. Russian Letter Pronunciation Closest English Sound , a Ah or aah Far, lamb , B Boy , V Vest , Gh Guest , D Door E, e Yeh Yes , Yoh York , Zh pleasure, beige , Z Zoo , E Meet , Y Toy , K Kilo , L Love , M Mop , N No , O Morning , P Pony , R (rolled) , S Song , T Train , Ooh Boo , F Fun , H Loch , Ts Ditzy , Ch Cherish , Sch Shhh , Sh (softer than ) Shoe , hard sign (non-vocalized) n/a , Uhee no equivalent sound , soft sign (non-vocalized) n/a , Aeh Aerobics , Yu You , Ya Yard Once you have learned the Russian alphabet, you should be able to read most Russian words, even if you don’t know their meaning. Stressed and Unstressed Vowels The next step is to learn how Russian words are stressed, which simply means which vowel in the word is emphasized.  Russian letters behave differently under stress and are pronounced more distinctly  according to their alphabet sound. Unstressed vowels are reduced or merged. This difference is not reflected in the spelling of Russian words, which can be confusing to beginner learners. While there are several rules governing the way unstressed letters are pronounced, the easiest way to learn is to expand your vocabulary as much as possible, naturally acquiring a sense of stressed vowels along the way.